Carbon and its Compounds

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Carbon has two unique properties: 1) Tetravalency - can form 4 bonds with other atoms, 2) Catenation - ability to form long chains with other carbon atoms. The carbon-carbon bond is strong and stable,

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In limited air supply, incomplete combustion occurs. Methane doesn't get enough oxygen to form CO₂ completely, producing carbon particles (soot) that glow yellow-hot in the flame. Complete combustion

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Covalent bonding is sharing of electron pairs between atoms to achieve stable electronic configuration. Carbon (atomic number 6) has 4 valence electrons. It cannot easily gain or lose 4 electrons to f

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Burn the compound in air. If carbon is present, it will produce CO₂ gas. Test the gas by passing it through lime water (Ca(OH)₂). If lime water turns milky, CO₂ is present, confirming carbon in the or

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In diamond, each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbons in a rigid 3D structure - all electrons are localized in bonds. In graphite, each carbon forms 3 bonds in layers with one free el

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Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium ethoxide: 2Na + 2C₂H₅OH → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂. This reaction is similar to water reacting with sodium. The hydrogen gas can be tested by bringin

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Heat ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid at 443K (170°C): C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O. This is called dehydration because water is removed. Concentrated H₂SO₄ acts as a dehydrating agent. The product ethe

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Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms (alkanes). Example: CH₄ (methane), C₂H₆ (ethane). Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds between carbons. Example