Events and Processes

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According to Ernst Renan, nationalism is 'a large-scale solidarity' based on common glories in the past, a common will in the present, and the desire to perform great deeds together. He emphasized tha

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The French Revolution (1789) was the first clear expression of nationalism. It transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to French citizens, introduced measures like the tricolour flag, National Assem

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A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In history, it refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive. Example: The F

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Napoleon initially spread nationalist ideas through the Napoleonic Code, which established equality before law and property rights. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudalism, and fre

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An ideology that stood for freedom of the individual and equality before the law. For the middle classes, liberalism meant government by consent, end of autocracy and clerical privileges, constitution

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The Zollverein was a customs union formed in 1834 under Prussian leadership, joining most German states. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced currencies from over thirty to two. This created a uni

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Liberals: Sought gradual change through constitutional means, government by consent, and representative institutions. They were mostly educated middle-class who wanted to work within existing systems.

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The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria) to restore conservative order after Napoleon's defeat. It restored Bourbon dynasty in France, created buffer