Biological Classification

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Aristotle was the first to attempt a more scientific basis for classification. He classified plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs based on simple morphological characters. He divided animals into two

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The Two Kingdom system (Plantae and Animalia) had several limitations: 1) It did not distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, 2) It did not separate unicellular and multicellular organisms, 3)

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Whittaker's Five Kingdoms: 1) Monera - Prokaryotic, unicellular, 2) Protista - Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, 3) Fungi - Eukaryotic, heterotrophic with chitin cell walls, 4) Plantae - Eukaryotic, aut

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Whittaker used five main criteria: 1) Cell structure (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic), 2) Body organization (cellular, tissue, organ system), 3) Mode of nutrition (autotrophic vs heterotrophic), 4) Reprodu

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Four bacterial shapes: 1) Coccus (spherical) - plural: cocci, 2) Bacillus (rod-shaped) - plural: bacilli, 3) Vibrium (comma-shaped) - plural: vibrio, 4) Spirillum (spiral-shaped) - plural: spirilla.

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Archaebacteria: Live in extreme conditions (halophiles, thermoacidophiles, methanogens), have different cell wall structure, found in harsh habitats like hot springs and salty areas. Eubacteria: True

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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic bacteria with chlorophyll similar to green plants. They can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous. Some can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specializ

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Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. They are the smallest known living cells and can survive without oxygen. Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants. Their lack of