Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Answer

Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings. Carbon is unique because: 1) It has intermediate electronegativity, 2) Its small

Answer

Tetravalence means carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon shows three hybridization states: 1) sp³ - tetrahedral geometry (methane), 2) sp² - trigonal planar geometry (et

Answer

Characteristics of π bonds: 1) Formed by sideways overlap of p orbitals, 2) Electrons are located above and below the bonding plane, 3) Weaker than σ bonds, 4) Restrict rotation about the bond axis, 5

Answer

1) Complete structural formula: Shows all atoms and bonds (CH₃-CH₂-CH₃), 2) Condensed formula: Omits some bonds, groups identical atoms (CH₃CH₂CH₃), 3) Bond-line formula: Shows only carbon skeleton as

Answer

Organic compounds are classified as: 1) Acyclic/Open chain - straight or branched chains (aliphatic), 2) Cyclic/Closed chain: a) Alicyclic - carbon rings with aliphatic properties, b) Aromatic - speci

Answer

Functional group: An atom or group of atoms responsible for characteristic chemical properties (e.g., -OH in alcohols, -CHO in aldehydes). Homologous series: A group of compounds with the same functio

Answer

Rules: 1) Select longest carbon chain as parent, 2) Number chain to give substituents lowest numbers, 3) Name substituents as alkyl groups, 4) Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- for identical substituents

Answer

In polyfunctional compounds: 1) Choose principal functional group based on priority order: -COOH > -SO₃H > -COOR > -COCl > -CONH₂ > -CN > -CHO > >C=O > -OH > -NH₂, 2) Name based on principal group usi