Hydrocarbons
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 11 · Chemistry
Quick revision notes for Hydrocarbons — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 11 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Classification and General Introduction
- Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Three main categories: Saturated (alkanes), Unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes), and Aromatic
- Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds (C-C and C-H)
Alkanes - Structure, Nomenclature, and Isomerism
- Saturated hydrocarbons with sp³ hybridized carbon atoms
- Tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of 109.5°
- C-C bond length: 154 pm, C-H bond length: 112 pm
Alkanes - Preparation and Reactions
- Preparation methods: Hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes, Reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz reaction, Decarboxylation
- Chemical properties: Generally unreactive (called paraffins)
- Substitution reactions: Halogenation by free radical mechanism
Alkenes - Structure, Nomenclature, and Isomerism
- Contain C=C double bond with sp² hybridized carbons
- Double bond consists of one σ bond (397 kJ/mol) and one π bond (284 kJ/mol)
- C=C bond length: 134 pm (shorter than C-C single bond)
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
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