Empires

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The Principate was the political system established by Augustus where he was the sole ruler but maintained the fiction of being only the 'leading citizen' (Princeps) rather than an absolute ruler. Thi

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The three main players were: 1) The Emperor - the supreme ruler, 2) The Aristocracy (Senate) - representing wealthy families and landowners, 3) The Army - a paid professional force that could determin

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The Roman army was a paid professional army where soldiers served for a minimum of 25 years, unlike the Persian empire which had a conscripted army. This professional army was the largest organized bo

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Civil war refers to armed struggles for power within the same country, in contrast to conflicts between different countries. In Rome, civil wars occurred when armies were divided. Example: 69 CE when

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Roman families were nuclear - adult sons didn't live with parents. Women had strong legal rights: they retained property rights from their natal family, became independent property owners after father

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Pompeii showed strong evidence of casual literacy through: 1) Advertisements on main street walls, 2) Graffiti found all over the city, 3) One humorous graffiti read: 'Wall, I admire you for not colla

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Archaeologists examined fragments of amphorae (containers for wine/oil), identified their shapes, contents, and origin by matching clay content with clay pits. They created 'distribution maps' showing

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Slavery was widespread but not the bulk of Roman labor. Slaves were an investment - writers advised against using them where many were needed (harvests) or health could be damaged (malaria). Free labo