Towards Modernisation

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1. The Industrial Revolution - which transformed economic production and society 2. Political revolutions (starting with American Revolution 1776-81 and French Revolution 1789-94) - which transformed

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Britain: Coal and cotton textile industries in first phase, railways in second phase Russia: Railway and heavy industry emerged in the initial phase itself (from late 19th century) Each country adapte

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Civic Nationalism: Vests sovereignty in all people regardless of language, ethnicity, religion or gender. Creates a community of rights-exercising citizens based on common citizenship. Ethnic Nationa

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The earliest inhabitants came from Asia over 30,000 years ago. They: - Lived in bands and villages along river valleys - Ate fish, meat, and cultivated vegetables and maize - Hunted bison on grassland

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The 'Trail of Tears' occurred when US President Andrew Jackson ordered the US army to evict 15,000 Cherokee people from their land in Georgia and drive them to the Great American Desert. Over a quarte

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Terra nullius means 'land belonging to nobody'. The Australian government used this concept to claim that Australia was empty land when Europeans arrived, ignoring the 40,000+ year presence of Aborigi

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The Tokugawa shogunate system featured: - Shoguns ruled in the emperor's name from Edo (Tokyo) - Country divided into 250+ domains under daimyo lords - Daimyo had to stay in capital for long periods -

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Perry's arrival marked the end of Japan's relative isolation and triggered: - Treaty opening Japan to trade and diplomatic relations with USA - Fear that Japan might become a colony like India - Re-em