Early Societies
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 11 · History
Quick revision notes for Early Societies — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 11 History. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
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Transition from Nomadic Life to Settled Agriculture
- Around 10,000 years ago, humans began shifting from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture
- This change occurred gradually over several thousand years and was one of the most significant transformations in human history
- Before agriculture, people gathered wild plants and hunted animals for survival
Mesopotamian Civilization - Geography and Environment
- Mesopotamia means 'land between rivers' (Euphrates and Tigris) in present-day Iraq
- Northern region had adequate rainfall for agriculture and was mountainous with natural resources
- Southern region was desert but supported cities due to fertile silt deposited by rivers during floods
Development of Cities and Urban Life
- First cities emerged around 3000 BCE during the Bronze Age
- Cities required non-agricultural activities: trade, manufacturing, and services
- Urban economies depended on division of labor and specialization
Writing System and Its Importance
- Writing began around 3200 BCE in Mesopotamia with picture-like signs and numbers
- First tablets were record-keeping lists of goods brought to/from temples
- Cuneiform script developed from pictographs to wedge-shaped marks on clay
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