Amines

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Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH₃) by replacing one, two, or all three hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They contain a nitrogen atom with an unshared pair of electrons an

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Amines are classified as: 1. Primary (1°): One H replaced - RNH₂ (e.g., CH₃NH₂ - methylamine) 2. Secondary (2°): Two H replaced - R₂NH (e.g., (CH₃)₂NH - dimethylamine) 3. Tertiary (3°): All three H re

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CH₃CH₂NH₂: Ethanamine (primary amine) (CH₃)₂NCH₂CH₃: N,N-dimethylethanamine (tertiary amine) Note: In IUPAC system, primary amines are named as alkanamines, and for secondary/tertiary amines, locant N

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Nitro compounds are reduced to amines using: 1. H₂ with Ni/Pd/Pt catalyst 2. Metal + HCl (Fe + HCl preferred) Example: C₆H₅NO₂ + 3H₂ → C₆H₅NH₂ + 2H₂O (nitrobenzene to aniline) Fe + HCl is preferred be

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Ammonolysis is the reaction of alkyl/benzyl halides with ethanolic ammonia at 373K in a sealed tube. RCH₂X + NH₃ → RCH₂NH₂ + HX Advantages: Simple method for amine preparation Disadvantages: Gives mix

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Gabriel synthesis is used to prepare pure primary amines: 1. Phthalimide + KOH(alc) → Potassium phthalimide 2. K-phthalimide + RX → N-alkyl phthalimide 3. N-alkyl phthalimide + NaOH → Primary amine +

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Hoffmann degradation is the conversion of amides to primary amines using Br₂ in aqueous/alcoholic NaOH: RCONH₂ + Br₂ + 4NaOH → RNH₂ + Na₂CO₃ + 2NaBr + 2H₂O Key points: - Migration of R group from C to

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Lower aliphatic amines (C₁-C₃) are gases with fishy odour due to their volatile nature. Solubility in water: - Lower amines are water-soluble due to hydrogen bonding with water - Solubility decreases