Biomolecules
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
Flashcards for Biomolecules — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12 Chemistry. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
Define carbohydrates and give their general formula.
Answer
Carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that produce such units on hydrolysis. General formula: Cx(H2O)y. They are also called saccharides (Greek: sakcharon me
Classify carbohydrates based on their hydrolysis behavior with examples.
Answer
1. Monosaccharides: Cannot be hydrolyzed further (glucose, fructose, ribose) 2. Oligosaccharides: Yield 2-10 monosaccharide units (sucrose, maltose, lactose) 3. Polysaccharides: Yield large number of
What is the difference between aldose and ketose? Give examples.
Answer
Aldose: Monosaccharides containing aldehyde group (-CHO). Example: Glucose Ketose: Monosaccharides containing ketone group (>C=O). Example: Fructose Both are classified based on number of carbons: tri
Explain the cyclic structure of glucose and the concept of anomers.
Answer
Glucose forms a six-membered pyranose ring when -OH at C-5 adds to -CHO group, forming hemiacetal. Two forms exist: α-glucose (m.p. 419K) and β-glucose (m.p. 423K). These are called anomers - isomers
What is glycosidic linkage? Differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars.
Answer
Glycosidic linkage: Oxide linkage between two monosaccharides formed by loss of water molecule. Reducing sugars: Have free aldehydic/ketonic groups, reduce Fehling's solution (maltose, lactose) Non-re
Compare the structures and properties of starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Answer
Starch: Storage polysaccharide in plants, α-glucose units, C1-C4 linkage, has amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched) Cellulose: Structural polysaccharide in plants, β-glucose units, C1-C4 lin
Define proteins and explain the structure of amino acids.
Answer
Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids connected by peptide bonds. They are the most abundant biomolecules in living systems. α-amino acids contain amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH) attach
Classify amino acids based on their side chains and nutritional requirements.
Answer
Based on side chains: Acidic (more -COOH), Basic (more -NH2), Neutral (equal -COOH and -NH2) Based on nutrition: Essential amino acids (cannot be synthesized in body, must be obtained from diet - 10 a
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