Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
Quick revision notes for Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
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Classification and Nomenclature
- Alcohols classified as 1°, 2°, 3° based on carbon attached to -OH group
- Monohydric (1 -OH), dihydric (2 -OH), trihydric (3 -OH) alcohols
- IUPAC naming: Replace 'e' of alkane with 'ol', number from -OH end
Preparation Methods
- Alcohols from alkenes: (i) Acid-catalyzed hydration (Markovnikov) (ii) Hydroboration-oxidation (anti-Markovnikov)
- Alcohols from carbonyl compounds: Reduction using H₂/Ni, NaBH₄, LiAlH₄
- Alcohols from Grignard reagents: HCHO → 1° alcohol, RCHO → 2° alcohol, R₂CO → 3° alcohol
Physical Properties
- Hydrogen bonding increases boiling points: alcohols > ethers > alkanes of similar mass
- Solubility in water decreases with increasing carbon chain length
- Lower alcohols (C₁-C₃) completely miscible with water
Chemical Reactions - Alcohols
- O-H bond cleavage: (i) Reaction with metals → alkoxides + H₂ (ii) Esterification with acids
- C-O bond cleavage: (i) With HX → alkyl halides (Lucas test) (ii) Dehydration → alkenes
- Oxidation: 1° alcohols → aldehydes → carboxylic acids; 2° alcohols → ketones; 3° alcohols resistant
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