Water Resources

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71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, but only 3% is freshwater. Of this freshwater, only a very small proportion is effectively available for human use due to geographical and accessibility c

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India accounts for 2.45% of world's surface area, 4% of world's water resources, and more than 17% of world's population. This shows the high pressure on India's limited water resources.

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Total utilizable water resource = 1869 × 60% = 1869 × 0.6 = 1122 cubic km. This represents only about 28% of total precipitation received in the country.

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Four major sources: Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, and Tanks. Though mean annual flow is 1869 cubic km, only 690 cubic km (32%) can be utilized due to topographical, hydrological, and other constraints.

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These rivers have huge catchment areas and receive relatively high precipitation during monsoons. The high rainfall in their catchment areas results in greater water flow, making them water-rich compa

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Total replenishable groundwater = 432 cubic km. High utilization states: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu. Low utilization states: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Kerala. Moderate utilization: Gujarat, UP

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Surface Water: Agriculture 89%, Domestic 9%, Industrial 2%. Groundwater: Agriculture 92%, Industrial 5%, Domestic 3%. Agriculture dominates water utilization in both surface and groundwater.

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1. Spatio-temporal variability in rainfall 2. Large drought-prone areas (NW India, Deccan) 3. Dry winter and summer seasons 4. High water requirement crops (rice, sugarcane, jute) 5. Enables multiple