Bricks, Beads and Bones (The Harappan Civilization)
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 12 · History
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Timeline and Terminology
- Total time span: 6000 BCE to 1300 BCE
- Early Harappan (6000 BCE - 2600 BCE): Formative phase with small settlements
- Mature Harappan (2600 BCE - 1900 BCE): Urban phase with planned cities
Geographical Extent and Sites
- Over 2000 Harappan sites discovered in Indian subcontinent
- Most sites located between Indus and Saraswati river basins
- Two-thirds of settlements in Saraswati basin showing its importance
Agriculture and Food Production
- Grains found: wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, millets (Gujarat), rice (rare)
- Domesticated animals: cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, pig
- Wild animals: boar, deer, gharial (hunted or obtained from hunters)
Urban Planning and Architecture
- Standardized bricks: length and breadth were 4 times and 2 times the height respectively
- City layout: Citadel (smaller, higher) and Lower Town (larger, lower)
- Grid pattern streets intersecting at right angles
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