Waves

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A wave is a pattern of disturbance that moves without the actual physical transfer of matter as a whole. Unlike wind (motion of air), waves transfer energy and information from one point to another wi

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1. Mechanical waves: Require a medium (string waves, sound waves, water waves) 2. Electromagnetic waves: Can travel through vacuum (light, radio waves, X-rays) 3. Matter waves: Associated with particl

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Transverse waves are waves in which particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Examples: waves on a string, light waves, water surface waves. These can only

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Longitudinal waves are waves in which particles of the medium oscillate along the direction of wave propagation. Examples: sound waves in air, seismic P-waves. These can propagate in all elastic media

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y(x,t) = a sin(kx - ωt + φ) Where: • y(x,t) = displacement at position x and time t • a = amplitude (maximum displacement) • k = angular wave number = 2π/λ • ω = angular frequency = 2π/T • φ = initial

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Wavelength (λ) is the minimum distance between two points having the same phase, or the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs. Relation: k = 2π/λ or λ = 2π/k Unit: meter (m) k is called a

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• Frequency (ν): Number of oscillations per second, unit: Hz • Period (T): Time for one complete oscillation, unit: s • Angular frequency (ω): ω = 2π/T, unit: rad/s Relationships: ν = 1/T = ω/2π ω = 2

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v = λν = λ/T Where: • v = wave speed • λ = wavelength • ν = frequency • T = period This shows that in the time of one oscillation (T), the wave travels a distance equal to one wavelength (λ).