Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charge is a fundamental property

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that comes in two types: positive and negative. Key properties include: (1) Quantization - charge

The force between two point charges

The force between two point charges is given by F = kq₁q₂/r² where k = 9×10⁹ Nm²/C² or F = q₁q₂/(4πε₀r²) where ε₀ = 8.85×10⁻¹² C²N⁻¹m⁻². The force is

Electric field E at a point

Electric field E at a point is defined as the force per unit positive test charge: E = F/q₀. For a point charge, E = kq/r² directed radially outward (

Electric field lines are imaginary curves

Electric field lines are imaginary curves that show the direction and relative strength of electric field. Rules: (1) Lines start from positive charge

An electric dipole consists of two

An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges +q and -q separated by distance 2a. Dipole moment p = q×2a directed from negative to pos