Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

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Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings. Carbon is unique because: 1) It has intermediate electronegativity, 2) Its small …

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Tetravalence means carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon shows three hybridization states: 1) sp³ - tetrahedral geometry (methane), 2) sp² - trigonal planar geometry (et…

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Characteristics of π bonds: 1) Formed by sideways overlap of p orbitals, 2) Electrons are located above and below the bonding plane, 3) Weaker than σ bonds, 4) Restrict rotation about the bond axis, 5…

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1) Complete structural formula: Shows all atoms and bonds (CH₃-CH₂-CH₃), 2) Condensed formula: Omits some bonds, groups identical atoms (CH₃CH₂CH₃), 3) Bond-line formula: Shows only carbon skeleton as…

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Organic compounds are classified as: 1) Acyclic/Open chain - straight or branched chains (aliphatic), 2) Cyclic/Closed chain: a) Alicyclic - carbon rings with aliphatic properties, b) Aromatic - speci…

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Functional group: An atom or group of atoms responsible for characteristic chemical properties (e.g., -OH in alcohols, -CHO in aldehydes). Homologous series: A group of compounds with the same functio…

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Rules: 1) Select longest carbon chain as parent, 2) Number chain to give substituents lowest numbers, 3) Name substituents as alkyl groups, 4) Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- for identical substituents…

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In polyfunctional compounds: 1) Choose principal functional group based on priority order: -COOH > -SO₃H > -COOR > -COCl > -CONH₂ > -CN > -CHO > >C=O > -OH > -NH₂, 2) Name based on principal group usi…