Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and the inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy. It is a macroscopic science that deals with bul

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The Zeroth Law states: 'Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other.' This law leads to the concept of temperature - when two systems a

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Internal energy (U) is the sum of kinetic energies and potential energies of all molecular constituents of a system. It includes: random translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of molecules.

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Heat is energy in transit due to temperature difference, while internal energy is the energy contained within a system. Heat is NOT a state variable - it only exists during energy transfer. The statem

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The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. Mathematical expression: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW, where ΔQ = heat supplied to system, ΔU = change in inte

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Specific heat capacity: s = (1/m)(ΔQ/ΔT), unit: J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. It's the heat required per unit mass per unit temperature rise. Molar specific heat capacity: C = (1/μ)(ΔQ/ΔT), unit: J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹. It's the

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Cp - Cv = R (for one mole). Derivation: At constant volume: Cv = ΔU/ΔT. At constant pressure: Cp = (ΔU + PΔV)/ΔT = ΔU/ΔT + P(ΔV/ΔT). For ideal gas PV = RT, so P(ΔV/ΔT) = R. Therefore: Cp = Cv + R, giv

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A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process where the system remains in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with surroundings at every stage. The pressure and temperature differences between s