Thermodynamics
Uttar Pradesh Board · Class 11 · Physics
Quick revision notes for Thermodynamics — Uttar Pradesh Board Class 11 Physics. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
11.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
- Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science dealing with bulk systems, not molecular details
- Heat was historically thought to be a fluid called 'caloric' but is now understood as a form of energy
- Benjamin Thomson's (Count Rumford) experiment in 1798 showed heat is produced by work, proving heat is energy
11.2 Thermal Equilibrium and 11.3 Zeroth Law
- Thermal equilibrium occurs when macroscopic variables don't change with time
- Adiabatic wall prevents heat flow; diathermic wall allows heat flow
- Systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature
11.4 Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Internal energy (U) is sum of kinetic and potential energies of molecules in the rest frame of the system
- Internal energy is a state variable - depends only on current state, not on path taken
- Heat (Q) is energy in transit due to temperature difference
11.5 First Law of Thermodynamics
- First law is conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems
- Energy supplied to system goes into internal energy change and work done by system
- For any process: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
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