Electromagnetic Induction

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Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which an electric current is generated (induced) in a conductor when it is subjected to a changing magnetic field. This was discovered by Michael Faraday

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Magnetic flux is the measure of magnetic field lines passing through a surface. Formula: Φ_B = B·A = BA cos θ, where B is magnetic field, A is area, and θ is angle between B and A. SI unit: Weber (Wb)

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Faraday's Law states: The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. Mathematically: ε = -dΦ_B/dt. For N turns: ε = -N(dΦ_B/dt). Th

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Lenz's Law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. This ensures energy conservation - if induced current aid

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When north pole approaches, flux through coil increases. By Lenz's law, induced current flows in a direction to oppose this increase. The current creates a magnetic field with north pole facing the ap

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Motional emf is induced when a conductor moves in a magnetic field. For rod PQ of length l moving with velocity v perpendicular to magnetic field B: ε = Blv. Derivation: Flux Φ = Blx, as x changes: ε

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When rod moves with velocity v in magnetic field B, charges experience Lorentz force F = qvB toward one end. Work done moving charge q through length l is W = qvBl. Since emf = work per unit charge: ε

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Inductance is the property of a circuit that opposes changes in current. It's the ratio of flux linkage to current: L = NΦ_B/I. SI unit: Henry (H), named after Joseph Henry. Dimensions: [ML²T⁻²A⁻²]. I