Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

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Environmental pollution is the release of substances and energy from waste products of human activities. The four main types are: (i) Air pollution - through atmosphere, (ii) Water pollution - through

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Major sources: Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, sewage disposal. Main pollutants: Oxides of sulphur (SO2, SO3), oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, h

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Major water polluting industries: Leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals. Pollutants: Industrial wastes, polluted wastewater, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, heavy metals (lead, arsenic,

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Pollution in Ganga: (a) Downstream of Kanpur - industrial pollution, (b) Downstream of Varanasi - domestic wastes, (c) Farrakka Barrage - dumping of carcasses. Main polluting cities: Kanpur, Allahabad

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Namami Gange Programme is a Union Government initiative to clean River Ganga. Objectives: (1) Developing sewerage treatment systems in towns, (2) Monitoring industrial effluents, (3) Development of ri

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Agricultural activities contribute through: (1) Use of inorganic fertilizers that increase nitrate content in surface waters, (2) Pesticides and herbicides that wash down to rivers, lakes and tanks, (

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Water pollution causes various water-borne diseases including: diarrhea, intestinal worms, hepatitis. According to WHO, about one-fourth of communicable diseases in India are water-borne. Almost all s

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Air pollution is the addition of contaminants like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke or vapour to air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora, fauna and property. Urban s