Force

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Force is a push or pull applied on a body that can change its state, size, or shape. Examples: (1) Kicking a football changes its state of rest to motion (2) Loading a spring changes its dimensions by

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Contact forces act only when objects are in physical contact with each other. Three types are: (1) Frictional force (2) Normal reaction force (3) Tension in a string

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Non-contact forces act without physical contact between bodies (action at a distance forces). Examples: (1) Gravitational force - attracts objects toward Earth (2) Electrostatic force - between charge

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1 N = 10⁵ dyne. Therefore, 5 N = 5 × 10⁵ = 500,000 dyne. Newton is the SI unit while dyne is the CGS unit of force.

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Newton's First Law: A body remains in its present state of rest or uniform motion until an external force is applied on it. This is also called the law of inertia. Example: A book on a table remains a

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Newton's Second Law: The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force. Mathematical expression: F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.

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Translational motion: Body moves in a straight line in the direction of force (e.g., pushing a ball). Rotational motion: Body rotates about a fixed axis when force is applied at a distance from the pi

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Moment of force (torque) is the turning effect of force about an axis of rotation. Formula: τ = F × r. Factors affecting it: (1) Magnitude of applied force (2) Distance from axis of rotation (3) Sense