Spectrum

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Deviation is the bending of light from its original path when passing through a prism. Total deviation δ = δ₁ + δ₂. It depends on: (1) Angle of incidence at first surface, (2) Angle of prism (A), (3)

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Violet color deviates maximum because it has minimum wavelength (λ ≈ 4000Å) and maximum refractive index. Red color deviates minimum because it has maximum wavelength (λ ≈ 8000Å) and minimum refractiv

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Dispersion is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into seven constituent colors (VIBGYOR) when it passes through a prism. Cause: Different colors travel at different speeds in a medium because

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Spectrum is the beautiful pattern of seven colors obtained when white light passes through a prism. Pure spectrum: Sharp boundaries between colors, no overlapping. Impure spectrum: Colors merge into e

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Violet (4000-4460 Å) → Indigo (4460-4640 Å) → Blue (4640-5000 Å) → Green (5000-5700 Å) → Yellow (5700-5920 Å) → Orange (5920-6200 Å) → Red (6200-8000 Å). Remember VIBGYOR for increasing wavelength ord

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Electromagnetic spectrum is the orderly classification of electromagnetic waves according to their frequency or wavelength. Order (increasing wavelength): Gamma rays → X-rays → Ultraviolet rays → Visi

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Electromagnetic waves consist of changing electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: (1) Do not require medium, (2) Travel at 3×10⁸ m/s in vacuum, (3) Frequency remains same during refraction/refl

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Visible spectrum: Wavelength 4000-8000 Å, can be detected by human eye, includes VIBGYOR colors. Invisible spectrum: Cannot be detected by human eye, includes ultraviolet rays (shorter than violet) an