Light – Reflection and Refraction

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Light travels at different speeds in air and water. When light rays from the pencil pass from water to air, they bend away from the normal due to refraction. This bending makes the pencil appear displ

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Using mirror formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f Given: f = -20 cm, u = -30 cm 1/v = 1/f - 1/u = 1/(-20) - 1/(-30) = -1/20 + 1/30 = -1/60 Therefore, v = -60 cm The image is formed 60 cm in front of the mirror, r

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When parallel rays of light fall on a convex mirror, they reflect and appear to diverge from a point behind the mirror called the principal focus. The reflected rays spread out, making the mirror usef

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The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (or air) to the speed of light in a given medium. It measures how much light bends when entering the medium. Formula: n = c/v, where c is speed of light in ai

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Stars are point sources of light very far away. Their light passes through different layers of Earth's atmosphere with varying densities, causing refraction that changes the apparent position and brig

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Using lens formula: 1/v - 1/u = 1/f Given: f = +15 cm, u = -10 cm 1/v = 1/f + 1/u = 1/15 + 1/(-10) = 1/15 - 1/10 = -1/30 v = -30 cm Magnification m = v/u = (-30)/(-10) = +3 Image is virtual, erect, an

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A magnifying glass is a convex lens. When an object is placed between the lens and its focus, the lens forms a virtual, erect, and enlarged image. The object appears bigger because the image is formed

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1. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (i = r) 2. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the surface all lie in the same plane These laws apply to all reflecting surfaces inc