Biotechnology
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Biology
Complete topic list for Biotechnology in Maharashtra Board Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Biotechnology
Introduction to Biotechnology
- Biotechnology defined as 'development and utilization of biological forms, products or processes for obtaining maximum benefits to man and other forms of life'
- Term first used by Karl Ereky in 1919 for large-scale pig production
- OECD definition: 'Application of scientific and engineering principles to processing of materials by biological agents'
Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
- Modern biotechnology based on two core techniques: genetic engineering and chemical engineering
- Genetic engineering deals with alteration of genetic material (DNA and RNA)
- Chemical engineering maintains sterile environment for manufacturing products
Tools and Techniques for Gene Cloning
- Three categories of tools: Instruments (devices), Biological tools, and Techniques
- Instruments include electrophoresis, PCR, spectroscopy, chromatography
- Biological tools: enzymes, cloning vectors, competent hosts
Biological Tools - Enzymes
- Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences
- Also called restriction endonucleases (REN) or restriction enzymes (RE)
- Serve as bacterial defense mechanism against viral DNA
Key Concepts
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