Coordination Compounds

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A coordination compound consists of a central metal atom/ion surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. Example: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ where Co³⁺ is the central metal ion and NH₃ molecules are ligands. Th

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Monodentate ligands: Have one donor atom, form one coordinate bond. Examples: Cl⁻, NH₃, H₂O. Polydentate ligands: Have two or more donor atoms. Examples: Ethylenediamine (en) - bidentate with 2 N dono

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Ambidentate ligands have two donor atoms but can coordinate through either one. Examples: NO₂⁻ can bond through N (nitro) or O (nitrito): M←N=O-O or M←O-N=O. SCN⁻ can bond through S or N: M←SCN (thioc

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Coordination sphere: Central metal ion and directly attached ligands enclosed in square brackets. Coordination number (C.N.): Number of ligand donor atoms directly bonded to central metal. Example: In

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Charge on complex ion = -4. Let oxidation state of Fe = x. CN⁻ has charge = -1. Equation: x + 6(-1) = -4, x - 6 = -4, x = +2. Therefore, oxidation state of Fe = +2. The complex is hexacyanoferrate(II)

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Double salts: Dissociate completely into simple ions. Example: Mohr's salt FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄·6H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2NH₄⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻. Coordination complexes: Dissociate with at least one complex ion remaining intac

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1. Metals have two valencies: Primary (ionizable) satisfied by anions, Secondary (non-ionizable) satisfied by ligands. 2. Primary valencies form ionization sphere. 3. Secondary valencies equal coordin

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1. Cationic complexes: Positively charged coordination sphere. Example: [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺. 2. Anionic complexes: Negatively charged coordination sphere. Example: [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻, K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. 3.