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Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression

Telangana Board · Class 12 · Biology

Quick revision notes for Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression — Telangana Board Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

45 questions25 flashcards5 concepts

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Key Topics to Revise

1

Discovery of DNA as Genetic Material

  • Griffith's Transformation Experiment (1928): Used Streptococcus pneumoniae with S-strain (smooth, virulent) and R-strain (rough, non-virulent). Heat-killed S-strain mixed with live R-strain transforme
  • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944): Identified DNA as the transforming principle by treating extract with DNase enzyme, which destroyed transformation ability
  • Hershey-Chase Experiment (1952): Used T2 bacteriophage with radioactive phosphorus (³²P) in DNA and radioactive sulfur (³⁵S) in protein. Only radioactive DNA entered bacterial cells, confirming DNA as
2

Structure of DNA

  • DNA is a double-stranded helical polymer made of nucleotides, each containing deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
  • Four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G) - purines; Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) - pyrimidines
  • Chargaff's Rule: A = T and G = C; amount of purines equals amount of pyrimidines
3

RNA Structure and Types

  • RNA differs from DNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, uracil (U) instead of thymine
  • Three main types of RNA with specific functions in protein synthesis:
  • mRNA (Messenger RNA): Largest RNA, carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, only RNA that codes for proteins
4

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

  • Central Dogma describes flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein
  • Three main processes: Replication (DNA → DNA), Transcription (DNA → RNA), Translation (RNA → Protein)
  • Replication: DNA duplicates itself to pass genetic information to daughter cells

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Established through Griffith's transformation experiment ...Watson and Crick's 1953 model describesRNA is singleDescribes the flow of genetic informationSemiconservative process where each new DNA

Frequently Asked Questions

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Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression covers several key topics that are frequently asked in Telangana Board Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression — Telangana Board Class 12 Biology?
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Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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