Hydrosphere
Telangana Board · Class 9 · Social Studies
Quick revision notes for Hydrosphere — Telangana Board Class 9 Social Studies. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
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Key Topics to Revise
Hydrological Cycle
- Water is a cyclical renewable resource that continuously moves between oceans, atmosphere, land, and living organisms
- The hydrological cycle has been operating for billions of years and is essential for all life on Earth
- Only less than 1% of Earth's water is useful to human beings
Water Distribution and Sources
- 97.2169% of Earth's water is saline ocean water, only 2.7831% is fresh water
- Of fresh water: 69.56% exists as ice and snow, 30.1% as groundwater, only 0.34% in accessible sources
- Most accessible fresh water is in lakes, reservoirs, and river systems
Oceans and Their Characteristics
- Five major oceans: Pacific (largest), Atlantic, Indian, Southern/Antarctic, Arctic (smallest)
- Pacific Ocean separates Asia/Oceania from Americas
- Atlantic Ocean separates Americas from Europe and Africa
Ocean Floor Relief
- Ocean floor has four main zones: continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea plain, oceanic trenches
- Continental shelf: 0-200m depth, occupies 7.6% of ocean area, richest in marine resources
- Continental slope: 200-3000m depth, comprises 15% of ocean area, has submarine canyons
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