Statistics

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Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) only give information about where data points are centered. They do not tell us how the data is scattered or spread around this central value. For exa…

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Range is the simplest measure of dispersion that shows the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset. Formula: Range = Maximum value - Minimum value Example: For data 10, 15, 20…

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Range only considers the extreme values (maximum and minimum) and ignores all other observations in the dataset. It does not provide information about how data is distributed around the central tenden…

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We take absolute values because: 1. The sum of deviations from mean is always zero (positive and negative deviations cancel out) 2. Absolute values ensure all deviations are positive 3. This gives us …

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Mean Deviation about mean = (1/n) × Σ|xi - x̄| Where: - n = number of observations - xi = individual observations - x̄ = mean of the data - |xi - x̄| = absolute deviation from mean Steps: 1) Find me…

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Mean Deviation about median = (1/n) × Σ|xi - M| Where: - n = number of observations - xi = individual observations - M = median of the data - |xi - M| = absolute deviation from median Note: Mean dev…

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Step 1: Find mean = (6+7+10+12+13+4+8+12)/8 = 72/8 = 9 Step 2: Find deviations from mean: |6-9|=3, |7-9|=2, |10-9|=1, |12-9|=3 |13-9|=4, |4-9|=5, |8-9|=1, |12-9|=3 Step 3: Sum of absolute deviations…

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Mean Deviation about mean = (1/N) × Σfi|xi - x̄| Mean Deviation about median = (1/N) × Σfi|xi - M| Where: - N = Σfi (total frequency) - fi = frequency of each class - xi = value or class mark - x̄ =…