File Handling in Python

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A file is a named location on a secondary storage media where data are permanently stored for later access. It allows programs to store and retrieve data beyond the program's execution time.

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1. Text files - consist of human readable characters (like .txt, .py, .csv files) 2. Binary files - contain non-human readable data requiring specific programs to access (like images, videos, executab

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file_object = open(file_name, access_mode) Example: myfile = open("data.txt", "r") The function returns a file object that establishes a link between the program and the data file.

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'r' - Read mode: Opens file for reading only, file pointer at beginning 'w' - Write mode: Opens for writing, overwrites existing content, creates new if doesn't exist 'a' - Append mode: Opens for writ

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The '+' symbol indicates that the file is opened for both reading and writing operations. 'r+' - Read and write, pointer at beginning 'w+' - Write and read, overwrites existing content 'a+' - Append

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Closing files is important because: - Frees memory allocated to the file - Ensures unwritten data is flushed to the file - Prevents data corruption Syntax: file_object.close() Example: myfile.close(

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Advantages of 'with' clause: - Automatically closes the file when control exits the with block - Handles exceptions gracefully - Provides cleaner, simpler syntax - No need to explicitly call close()

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The write() method: - Writes a string to a text file - Returns the number of characters written - Requires string data (convert numbers using str()) - Needs manual newline character (\n) for line brea