Cell Structure and Function
Telangana Board · Class 12 · Biology
Complete topic list for Cell Structure and Function in Telangana Board Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Cell Structure and Function
Introduction to Cells and Cell Theory
- Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
- Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 in cork tissue and coined the term 'cell' from Latin 'cellula' meaning smallest component
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living cells under microscope and called them 'animalcules'
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
- All cells have three basic components: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
- Prokaryotic cells: Nuclear material not bound by membrane, DNA free in cytoplasm
- Examples of prokaryotes: Bacteria and blue-green algae
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
- Plant cells have rigid cell wall outside plasma membrane, animal cells only have flexible plasma membrane
- Plant cells are generally larger than animal cells
- Plant cells contain plastids (especially chloroplasts in green parts), animal cells lack plastids
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
- Plasma membrane is dynamic, fluid structure forming external boundary of all cells
- Shows selective permeability - allows some substances to pass more easily than others
- Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by Singer and Nicolson (1972) - widely accepted model
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