Atomic Structure

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The three fundamental particles are: 1. Electron (e⁻): Relative charge = -1 2. Proton (p⁺): Relative charge = +1 3. Neutron (n): Relative charge = 0 Electrons are ~1840 times lighter than protons, wh…

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Thomson's model (1897) proposed that: - The atom is a large, positively charged sphere (like pudding) - Small, negatively charged electrons are scattered throughout it (like plums) - Also called the '…

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Observations: - Most α-particles passed straight through - Some deflected at small angles - Few deflected at large angles - About 1 in 10,000 bounced back Conclusions: - Atom has a dense, positively …

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According to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory: - A charged particle under acceleration continuously emits radiation and loses energy - Electrons revolving around nucleus are accelerated (centripetal a…

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Electromagnetic radiation is energy transmitted through space as oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. Key characteristics: - Wavel…

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According to Planck's quantum theory: E = hν Where: - E = Energy of photon - h = Planck's constant = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s - ν = Frequency Also: E = hc/λ = hcν̄ This shows energy is directly proportion…

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Given: λ = 589 nm = 589 × 10⁻⁹ m Formula: E = hc/λ E = (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s)(3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) / (589 × 10⁻⁹ m) E = 1.988 × 10⁻²⁵ / 589 × 10⁻⁹ E = 3.37 × 10⁻¹⁹ J This corresponds to the energy of yellow …

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Continuous Spectrum: - Contains all wavelengths in a given range - Example: White light through prism showing VIBGYOR - No gaps between colors Line Spectrum: - Contains only specific wavelengths - Ap…