Probability
Telangana Board · Class 12 · Mathematics
Complete topic list for Probability in Telangana Board Class 12 Mathematics. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Probability
Random Experiments and Sample Space
- Random experiment: An activity that can be repeated under identical conditions with unpredictable outcomes
- Sample space (S): The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment
- Sample points: Individual elements of the sample space
Types of Events
- Equally likely events: Events with the same probability of occurrence
- Mutually exclusive events: Events that cannot occur simultaneously (A ∩ B = ∅)
- Exhaustive events: Events whose union equals the sample space (E₁ ∪ E₂ ∪ ... ∪ Eₙ = S)
Classical Definition and Basic Probability
- Classical definition: P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of possible outcomes
- Probability range: 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1 for any event E
- P(impossible event) = 0, P(certain event) = 1
Addition Rule and Union of Events
- General addition rule: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
- For mutually exclusive events: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
- Extension to three events: P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C) - P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
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