Probability

A random experiment is one

A random experiment is one that can be repeated under identical conditions where (i) all possible outcomes are known in advance, and (ii) the exact ou

Events are classified as

Events are classified as: (1) Equally likely events - all outcomes have the same chance (e.g., faces of a fair die), (2) Mutually exclusive events - c

For equally likely outcomes

For equally likely outcomes: P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of possible outcomes = m/n. Key properties: (1) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1, (2) P(ce

For complex problems

For complex problems, use combinations to count outcomes: P(A) = C(favorable)/C(total). Example: Drawing 2 white balls from 5 red + 6 white balls: P =

For any two events A

For any two events A and B: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B). For mutually exclusive events: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B). Example: Drawing spade or king f