Study Methods

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Observation method is the study of natural phenomena in context to the causative factors. It involves studying live phenomena of society in a specific sequence, with an aim, and using scientific means

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(a) Introspection method (b) Natural observation method (c) Systematic observation method (d) Field observation method (e) Participatory observation method (f) Comparative observation method

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Introspection method means 'to look within and observe one's own mental processes.' Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener were significant contributors to structuralism who used this method to study cons

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1) Cannot be used on animals, children, illiterate people, and mental patients 2) Being subjective, it's not possible to know if responses are truthful 3) No scope for generalization 4) No scope for r

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Systematic observation uses technical instruments like one-way screens, tape recorders, cameras, and video cameras. This allows observers to study multiple phenomena simultaneously and record minutest

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Example: To study human trafficking, an observer becomes part of the trafficking group. It's used when information about a group is only available to group members. The observer becomes a member to ga

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Longitudinal method involves studying the same group consistently over a long period (5-25 years). It's used in developmental psychology to study changes due to age. The group is examined every 3-6 mo

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Cross-sectional method studies people of different ages at the same time to compare developmental stages quickly. Unlike longitudinal method which follows the same people over years, cross-sectional m