Atomic Structure
NIOS · Class 10 · Science & Tech
Complete topic list for Atomic Structure in NIOS Class 10 Science & Tech. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Get startedTopics in Atomic Structure
Discovery of Subatomic Particles
- Dalton's atomic theory (1803) considered atoms as indivisible, but later experiments proved atoms contain smaller particles
- J.J. Thomson discovered electrons through cathode ray tube experiments (1897)
- Cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles (electrons) that travel from cathode to anode
Atomic Models
- Thomson's Plum Pudding Model: Atom as positive sphere with embedded electrons like plums in pudding
- Rutherford's α-particle scattering experiment (1910) by Geiger and Marsden
- Observations: Most α-particles passed through, some deflected at small angles, few at large angles, very few rebounded
Electronic Configuration and Valency
- Electronic configuration: Distribution of electrons in different shells (K,L,M,N or 1,2,3,4)
- Bohr-Bury rules: Shells filled in order of increasing energy, inner shells filled first
- Maximum electron capacity: K=2, L=8, M=18, N=32 (using 2n² formula)
Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in nucleus, unique for each element
- Mass number (A): Total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in nucleus
- Neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons
Key Concepts
Central concept: Atomic Structure
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