Control and Coordination

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This is a reflex action. The heat stimulus is detected by receptors in the skin, sent to the spinal cord via sensory neurons, processed, and a response is sent back via motor neurons to muscles to wit…

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This is a conditioned reflex. The smell (stimulus) is detected by olfactory receptors, sent to the brain via sensory neurons. The brain associates the smell with past food experiences and sends signal…

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A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Its three main parts are: 1) Dendrites - receive impulses, 2) Cell body - contains nucleus and processes impulses, 3) Axon - trans…

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At the synapse, the electrical impulse causes the release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals into the synaptic cleft. These chemicals cross the gap and bind to receptors on the next neuron's den…

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The cerebellum coordinates muscular activity and maintains body balance. Damage to the cerebellum affects the coordination between different muscle groups needed for walking, resulting in unsteady, un…

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The sympathetic nervous system activates: heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, blood pressure rises, pupils dilate, and adrenaline is released. This prepares the body for immediate action d…

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Diabetes occurs due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or cells not responding to insulin. Without proper insulin, glucose cannot enter cells effectively, leading to high blood sugar l…

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Voluntary actions are conscious, controlled by the cerebrum (walking, writing, talking). Involuntary actions are automatic, controlled by medulla or spinal cord (heartbeat, breathing, digestion). Volu…